Development of Stride Detection System for Helping Stroke Walking Training
Abstract
Walking is a popular post-stroke rehabilitation exercise for patients. Stroke walking training is a sort of physical therapy that aims to help people who have had a stroke improve their walking ability. The goal of this research is to classify stride length and include it into a mobile application. The accelerometer sensor on a smartphone can be used to construct a stride detection system to aid in stroke walking training. This application was created for Android-powered smartphones. A binder must be used to secure the smartphone device to the patient's thigh. This application reads the accelerometer sensor included into the smartphone. In this study, a stride detection model is designed to increase the performance of stride length and circumduction detection. The accelerometer is read and saved by the application as the participant walks on the specific path. After the signal has been pre-processed and its feature extracted, the data is used to create the stride detection model. The performance is good, as evidenced by accuracy, precision, recall, and f-measure values of 88.60%, 88.60%, 88.60%, and 88.60%, respectively. When utilized on a stride detection system, the decision tree algorithms function admirably. The model is then loaded into the Android walking app.
Downloads
References
S. Hatano, “Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report.,” Bull. World Health Organ., vol. 54, no. 5, pp. 541–53, 1976, Accessed: Jul. 04, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1088404
S. J. X. Murphy and D. J. Werring, “Stroke: causes and clinical features,” Medicine (Baltimore)., vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 561–566, 2020.
N. S. M. Zawawi, N. A. Aziz, R. Fisher, K. Ahmad, and M. F. Walker, “The unmet needs of stroke survivors and stroke caregivers: a systematic narrative review,” J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., vol. 29, no. 8, p. 104875, 2020.
J. F. Alingh, B. E. Groen, J. F. Kamphuis, A. C. H. Geurts, and V. Weerdesteyn, “Task-specific training for improving propulsion symmetry and gait speed in people in the chronic phase after stroke: a proof-of-concept study,” J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., vol. 18, pp. 1–11, 2021.
A. Bishnoi, R. Lee, Y. Hu, J. R. Mahoney, and M. E. Hernandez, “Effect of treadmill training interventions on spatiotemporal gait parameters in older adults with neurological disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials,” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, vol. 19, no. 5, p. 2824, 2022.
J. Mehrholz and M. Pohl, “Electromechanical-assisted gait training after stroke: A systematic review comparing end-effector and exoskeleton devices,” J. Rehabil. Med., vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 193–199, 2012, doi: 10.2340/16501977-0943.
T. Ii, S. Hirano, D. Imoto, and Y. Otaka, “Effect of gait training using Welwalk on gait pattern in individuals with hemiparetic stroke: a cross-sectional study,” Front. Neurorobot., vol. 17, p. 1151623, 2023.
Y. Wang et al., “Gait characteristics of post-stroke hemiparetic patients with different walking speeds,” Int. J. Rehabil. Res., pp. 69–75, 2020, doi: 10.1097/MRR.0000000000000391.
C. P. Hurt et al., “Assessing a novel way to measure step count while walking using a custom mobile phone application,” PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 11, p. e0206828, Nov. 2018, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206828.
J. Stenum, C. Rossi, and R. T. Roemmich, “Two-dimensional video-based analysis of human gait using pose estimation,” PLoS Comput. Biol., vol. 17, no. 4, p. e1008935, 2021.
J. Bailey, T. Mata, and J. A. Mercer, “Is the Relationship Between Stride Length, Frequency, and Velocity Influenced by Running on a Treadmill or Overground?,” Int. J. Exerc. Sci., vol. 10, no. 7, pp. 1067–1075, 2017, Accessed: Aug. 21, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170707
J. H. Park et al., “Age-and sex-specific analysis of gait parameters in a wide age-ranged population in Korea: a cross-sectional study,” Educ. Gerontol., vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 311–321, 2023.
L. Tesio and V. Rota, “The Motion of Body Center of Mass During Walking: A Review Oriented to Clinical Applications,” Front. Neurol., vol. 10, p. 999, Sep. 2019, doi: 10.3389/FNEUR.2019.00999/BIBTEX.
S. Winiarski, J. Pietraszewska, and B. Pietraszewski, “Three-dimensional human gait pattern: reference data for young, active women walking with low, preferred, and high speeds,” Biomed Res. Int., vol. 2019, 2019.
D. Sethi, S. Bharti, and C. Prakash, “A comprehensive survey on gait analysis: History, parameters, approaches, pose estimation, and future work,” Artif. Intell. Med., vol. 129, p. 102314, 2022.
K. Seo, “Real-Time Estimation of Walking Speed and Stride Length Using an IMU Embedded in a Robotic Hip Exoskeleton,” in 2023 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2023, pp. 12665–12671.
E. Ziagkas, A. Loukovitis, D. X. Zekakos, T. D.-P. Chau, A. Petrelis, and G. Grouios, “A novel tool for gait analysis: Validation study of the smart insole podosmart®,” Sensors, vol. 21, no. 17, p. 5972, 2021.
H. Xing, J. Li, B. Hou, Y. Zhang, and M. Guo, “Pedestrian Stride Length Estimation from IMU Measurements and ANN Based Algorithm,” J. Sensors, vol. 2017, pp. 1–10, Feb. 2017, doi: 10.1155/2017/6091261.
Y. Zhang, Y. Li, C. Peng, D. Mou, M. Li, and W. Wang, “The Height-Adaptive Parameterized Step Length Measurement Method and Experiment Based on Motion Parameters.,” Sensors (Basel)., vol. 18, no. 4, Mar. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18041039.
R. Tang and X. Zhang, “CART decision tree combined with Boruta feature selection for medical data classification,” in 2020 5th IEEE International Conference on Big Data Analytics (ICBDA), 2020, pp. 80–84.
T. Xie, R. Li, X. Zhang, B. Zhou, and Z. Wang, “Research on heartbeat classification algorithm based on CART decision tree,” in 2019 8th International Symposium on Next Generation Electronics (ISNE), 2019, pp. 1–3.
M. M. Ghiasi, S. Zendehboudi, and A. A. Mohsenipour, “Decision tree-based diagnosis of coronary artery disease: CART model,” Comput. Methods Programs Biomed., vol. 192, p. 105400, 2020.
J. Hu and J. Min, “Automated detection of driver fatigue based on EEG signals using gradient boosting decision tree model,” Cogn. Neurodyn., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 431–440, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.1007/s11571-018-9485-1.
S. Mishra, “A Comparative Study for Time-to-Event Analysis and Survival Prediction for Heart Failure Condition using Machine Learning Techniques,” J. Electron. Electromed. Eng. Med. Informatics, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 115–134, Jul. 2022, doi: 10.35882/JEEEMI.V4I3.225.
L. Amini et al., “Prediction and control of stroke by data mining,” Int. J. Prev. Med., vol. 4, no. Suppl 2, pp. S245–S249, 2013, Accessed: Jul. 18, 2020. [Online]. Available: /pmc/articles/PMC3678226/?report=abstract
S. Cheraghlou, P. Sadda, G. O. Agogo, and M. Girardi, “A machine‐learning modified CART algorithm informs Merkel cell carcinoma prognosis,” Australas. J. Dermatol., vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 323–330, 2021.
E. Z. Aziza, L. M. El Amine, M. Mohamed, and B. Abdelhafid, “Decision tree CART algorithm for diabetic retinopathy classification,” in 2019 6th International Conference on Image and Signal Processing and their Applications (ISPA), 2019, pp. 1–5.
P. Truong, J. Lee, A.-R. Kwon, and G.-M. Jeong, “Stride Counting in Human Walking and Walking Distance Estimation Using Insole Sensors,” Sensors, vol. 16, no. 6, p. 823, Jun. 2016, doi: 10.3390/s16060823.
Bedjo Utomo, S. Syaifudin, E. Dian Setioningsih, T. Hamzah, and P. Parameswaran, “Oximeter and BPM on Smartwatch Device Using Mit-App Android with Abnormality Alarm,” J. Electron. Electromed. Eng. Med. Informatics, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 85–92, 2021, doi: 10.35882/jeeemi.v3i2.4.
U. Pujianto, W. A. Prasetyo, and A. R. Taufani, “Students Academic Performance Prediction with k-Nearest Neighbor and C4. 5 on SMOTE-balanced data,” in 2020 3rd International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI), 2020, pp. 348–353.
I. A. E. Zaeni, W. Primadi, M. K. Osman, D. R. Anzani, D. Lestari, and A. N. Handayani, “Detection of the Imbalance Step Length using the Decision Tree,” in 2022 Fifth International Conference on Vocational Education and Electrical Engineering (ICVEE), 2022, pp. 157–162.
I. A. E. Zaeni, W. Primadi, M. K. Osman, D. R. Anzani, D. Lestari, and A. N. Handayani, “The Naïve Bayes Algorithm for the Stride Length Classification,” in 2022 International Conference on Electrical and Information Technology (IEIT), 2022, pp. 90–94.
I. A. E. Zaeni, W. Primadi, C. Shih-Chung, D. R. Anzani, and A. N. Handayani, “Classification of the Stride Length based on IMU Sensor using the Decision Tree,” in 2021 7th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEEIE), 2021, pp. 1–5.
A. Ahmad et al., “Prediction of Compressive Strength of Fly Ash Based Concrete Using Individual and Ensemble Algorithm,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 4. 2021. doi: 10.3390/ma14040794.
Copyright (c) 2023 Ilham Ari Elbaith Zaeni

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlikel 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).