Classification of Cervical Cell Types Based on Machine Learning Approach: A Comparative Study

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa; Khalis Khiruddin; Khairur Rijal Jamaludin; Firdaus Yuslan Khusairi; Shahrina Ismail

doi:10.35882/jeeemi.v7i3.829

Wan Azani Wan Mustafa Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia; Advanced Computing (AdvComp), Centre of Excellence (CoE), Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Campus Pauh Putra, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7260-6085
Khalis Khiruddin Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7317-8435
Khairur Rijal Jamaludin Faculty of Artificial Intelligence, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, 54100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Firdaus Yuslan Khusairi Faculty of Electrical Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
Shahrina Ismail Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM), Negeri Sembilan, Bandar Baru Nilai, 71800, Malaysia

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35882/jeeemi.v7i3.829

Keywords: Cervical cell classification; Convolutional Neural Network; Image segmentation; Support Vector Machine; K Nearest Neighbours.

Abstract

Cervical cancer remains a major global health issue and is the second most common cancer affecting women worldwide. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment, but remains challenging due to the asymptomatic nature of the disease and the visual complexity of cervical cell structures, which are often affected by inconsistent staining, poor contrast, and overlapping cells. This study aims to classify cervical cell images using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques by comparing the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Support Vector Machine (SVMs), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNNs). The Herlev Pap smear image dataset was used for experimentation. In the preprocessing phase, images were resized to 100 × 100 pixels and enhanced through grayscale conversion, Gaussian smoothing for noise reduction, contrast stretching, and intensity normalization. Segmentation was performed using region-growing and active contour methods to isolate cell nuclei accurately. All classifiers were implemented using MATLAB. Experimental results show that CNN achieved the highest performance, with an accuracy of 85%, a precision of 86.7%, and a sensitivity of 83%, outperforming both SVM and KNN. These findings indicate that CNN is the most effective approach for cervical cell classification in this study. However, limitations such as class imbalance and occasional segmentation inconsistencies impacted overall performance, particularly in detecting abnormal cells. Future work will focus on improving classification accuracy, especially for abnormal samples , by exploring data augmentation techniques such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and implementing ensemble learning strategies. Additionally, integrating the proposed system into a real-time diagnostic platform using a graphical user interface (GUI) could support clinical decision-making and enhance cervical cancer screening programs.

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